![]() ![]() 1(b)), the sense resistor is replaced with a trans-Impedance Amplifier (TIA). In the auto-balancing configuration ( Fig. Electrode (electrochemical half-cell, or metal-electrolyte junction) under measurement is marked WE for Working Electrode, and two other contacts are used as a voltage reference, or Reference Electrode (RE), and a current return electrode, or Counter Electrode (CE).įor both EIS and CV, the voltage potential at the SUT is measured, as well as the current via a sense resistor. Three-electrodes configuration with potentiostat feedback for cyclic voltammetry (CV). In such applications, multisine-waveform can be swapped with much simpler broadband binary or ternary sequences at the cost of a slight decrease in accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio. For example, a multisine-waveform offers accurate results while being highly configurable, however generating such a waveform is not a trivial task for low-power small-size systems such as implantable devices. Choosing the adequate broadband signal depends on the application and the optimal choice will differ according to the criterion chosen: accuracy, configurability, measurement speed, design complexity, etc. Various waveshapes have been used such as the conventional swept-sine, chirps, multisine, and more complex waveforms. 1(a)) for low frequencies (up to 100 MHz) and network analysis or RF I/V methods are the most appropriate methods for higher frequencies. A voltage or current is applied to the sample under test (SUT) and impedance is sensed using simple techniques such as the I/V method ( Fig. ![]() Tissue properties are usually monitored using Electrode Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) over a given bandwidth, and for a specified set of discrete frequencies. However, although the microelectronic integration techniques allow to consider the production of ever smaller, energy-efficient, and reliable systems for therapeutic or diagnostic applications, the need for accurate characterization of the electrode-tissue interface and tissue electrical characteristics appears to be crucial for both designing and post-implantation performances, , or characterize tissue safety. USB and LAN (LXI) interfaces – optional GPIB.The miniaturization capabilities of electronic components have enabled to produce complex healthcare implanted systems (neurostimulators such as deep brain stimulators or for rehabilitation purposes, cardiac pacemakers for instance) compatible with implantation closer to the target organ.Front USB port for waveform storage and file transfer. ![]()
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